Basal nuclei

The basal nuclei, commonly called the basal ganglia, are interconnected structures that play a crucial role in regulating voluntary motor control, learning, and behavior.

This accessory motor system is closely linked to the cerebral cortex, which governs higher brain functions, and the corticospinal system, responsible for transmitting signals from the brain to the spinal cord. The basal nuclei comprises several vital structures, including the caudate nucleus, and lentiform nuclei (putamen, globus pallidus nuclei), substantia nigra, and subthalamic nuclei.

These parts are situated on either side of the brain and encircles the thalamus. The caudate and putamen form the striatum, which is essential for processing movement and cognitive functions. The globus pallidus primarily regulates voluntary movements, while the substantia nigra is critical for the production of dopamine, a neurotransmitter vital for coordinating smooth and controlled movements. The subthalamic nuclei modulate the activity of the basal nuclei and plays an essential role in the overall functionality of this motor system.

In summary, the structures that compose the basal nuclei are essential to fine-tuning motor actions, initiating and inhibiting movements, and integrating cognitive and emotional responses related to motor activities.