Reference lines

There are various reference lines on the anterior abdominal and chest walls, which help in easy and symmetrical marking of surgical incisions. A few important reference lines have been enlisted below:

• Anterior median line

• Sternal line

• Parasternal line

• Midclavicular line

• Mammillary line

• Anterior axillary line

• Midaxillary line

• Posterior axillary line

• Scapular line

• Paravertebral line

• Posterior median line