Frontal aspect of cranium

Frontal aspect of cranium (a.k.a. norma frontalis) refers to the anterior view of the skull. It includes different parts such as the forehead, eye sockets (orbital cavities), nose, upper jaw, mouth, and lower jaw.

The forehead consists of the frontal bone, which contains frontal paranasal air sinuses. The bone extends downwards to form the top edge of the orbital openings. The lower edge of the frontal bone is marked by thick ridges above the eyes called superciliary ridges. The depressed area between these ridges is known as the glabella. Additionally, the frontal bone contributes to the sides of the orbital margins where it connects with the zygomatic and maxillary bones.

The cheek region is mainly formed by the zygomatic bone, which also contributes to the lateral side and bottom inferior rim of the orbital margin, where it connects with the frontal and maxillary bones, respectively.

The nasal cavities are supported by two nasal bones that meet in the middle, creating a joint known as the internasal suture. These bones also connect with the frontal bones above and the frontal processes of the maxilla on the sides. The anterior opening of the nasal cavity allows a view of the internasal septum, which consists of two main bones: the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone above and the vomer below.

The maxilla is the primary bone forming the upper jaw. It has a large central body that houses the maxillary air sinus. The maxilla has three main processes: the frontal process (contributing to the inner edge of the eye socket), the maxillary process (contributing to the lower edge of the eye socket), and the alveolar process, which forms the lower jaw and contains sockets for the upper teeth.

The mandible bone forms the lower jaw and consists of a vertical ramus and a horizontal body. The upper part of the mandible's body contains sockets for the teeth. The front prominent point along the midline of the mandible is called the mental protuberance, with mental foramina located on the sides. Mental nerves and vessels exit through the mental foramina and supply the mental region.