食管
Esophagus [oesophagus]
定义
食管是一条肌性管道，连接咽与胃，负责将摄入的食物输送至胃内。
在哺乳动物中，食管通常由三部分组成：颈部、胸部和腹部。食管的肌肉组成沿其长轴有所不同。在许多家养哺乳动物中，食管近端（上部）由横纹肌构成，向远端（下部）逐渐过渡为平滑肌。例如，犬的食管全长以横纹肌为主，而猫的食管远端则含有平滑肌。[1-3]
食管壁由数层结构组成：黏膜、黏膜下层，肌层和外膜。黏膜表面衬覆非角化复层鳞状上皮，可抵御机械性损伤。黏膜下层含有食管腺，分泌黏液以润滑食管、促进食物通过。肌层由内环肌层和外纵肌层构成，负责产生蠕动运动，将食物推送至胃内。[4-5]
參考資料
1.A Comparative Histological Study on the Distribution of Striated and Smooth Muscles and Glands in the Esophagus of Wild Birds and Mammals.Shiina T, Shimizu Y, Izumi N, et al.The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 2005;67(1):115-7. doi:10.1292/jvms.67.115.
2.Clinical Topographical Anatomy of the Gastro-Oesophageal Junction in the Cat.Voutsinou A, Papazoglou LG, Antonopoulos I, Rallis TS.Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2018;20(4):308-311. doi:10.1177/1098612X17706799.
3.Ultrasonographic Characteristics of the Abdominal Esophagus and Cardia in Dogs.Gory G, Rault DN, Gatel L, et al.Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound : The Official Journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association. 2014 Sep-Oct;55(5):552-60. doi:10.1111/vru.12156.
4.The Microscopic Anatomy of the Esophagus Including the Individual Layers, Specialized Tissues, and Unique Components and Their Responses to Injury.Zhang X, Patil D, Odze RD, et al.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2018;1434(1):304-318. doi:10.1111/nyas.13705.
