Vertebra T3

The thoracic vertebra T3 (3rd thoracic vertebra) is part of the upper thoracic spine and has several distinct anatomical features. The vertebral body of T3 is heart-shaped and smaller than those of the lower thoracic vertebrae. The pedicles of T3 are relatively short and project posteriorly from the upper part of the vertebral body. The pedicle height at T3 is the highest among the upper thoracic vertebrae, with a mean of 12.25 mm.

The transverse processes of T3 are long and robust, projecting laterally and slightly posteriorly. They provide attachment points for muscles and ligaments, including the levator costarum and the superior costotransverse ligament. The spinous process of T3 is long, slender, and directed obliquely downward, overlapping the spinous process of T4.

The vertebral foramen of T3 is circular and houses the spinal cord. The superior and inferior articular facets are oriented in a coronal plane, allowing for limited rotation and flexion-extension movements. The superior facets face posteriorly and slightly laterally, while the inferior facets face anteriorly and slightly medially.

The T3 vertebra also has costal facets on the transverse processes for articulation with the tubercles of the third ribs, and demifacets on the vertebral body for articulation with the heads of the second and third ribs.