Neck

The neck in mammals is anatomically defined as the region of the body that connects the head to the trunk. It plays an essential role in supporting the head, enabling its mobility, and facilitating vital functions such as swallowing, breathing, and communication.

This region extends from the base of the skull (occiput) to the first thoracic vertebra, and it is characterized by the presence of the cervical vertebrae, which are typically seven in number in almost all mammalian species.

The neck is composed of several key structures:

• Cervical vertebrae (C1 to C7), which form the cervical spine and provide structural support and flexibility;

• Cervical musculature, including muscles of the nape, the deep stabilizing muscles, and muscles involved in mastication;

• Vital organs and structures, including the trachea, esophagus, major blood vessels (carotid arteries, jugular veins), and nerves (cervical plexus, vagus nerve);

• Endocrine glands, including thyroid and parathyroid glands;

• Supporting tissues, including cervical fasciae and lymph nodes.