Tail
Cauda
Definition
The tail is a posterior extension of the vertebral column, situated beyond the pelvis. It is composed of caudal vertebrae and specific muscles that vary in number and shape depending on the species.
From a skeletal perspective, the tail includes the caudal vertebrae, which are smaller and more mobile than the other vertebrae, allowing for a wide range of movements. These vertebrae are interconnected by intervertebral discs and are supported by ligaments and muscles that ensure their mobility.
From a muscular perspective, the tail is animated by caudal muscles, which are extensions of the muscles of the back and pelvic region. These muscles enable lateral, flexion, and extension movements, contributing to balance and behavioral expression.
References
Evans HE, de Lahunta A. Miller’s anatomy of the dog, 4th edition, Elsevier Saunders, St Louis, 2012.
Constantinescu GM, Schaller O. Illustrated veterinary anatomical nomenclature, 3rd Edition, Enke Verlag, Stuttgart, 2012.
König HE, Lieibich HG. Veterinary Anatomy of Domestic mammals, 6th edition, Schattauer, Stuttgart, 2014.
