Anatomic lateral distal femoral angle
Anatomic lateral distal femoral angle
- Acronym: aLDFA
Definition
The anatomic lateral distal femoral angle (aLDFA) is a measurement used to assess angular deformities of the femur and provide guidance for corrections. It is determined from a ventrodorsal radiograph of the hips and femurs or multiplanar reconstructed CT images of the femur. For radiographic acquisition, the dog is placed dorsal recumbency and the pelvic limbs are extended caudally, the femurs are parallel to each other. Positioning is considered satisfactory if :
the pelvis is symmetrical: the iliums and obturator foramina are symmetrical.
the femur cortex pass through the middle of the sesamoid bones of the gastrocnemius muscle
the patellas are centred on the trochlea of the femur.
The anatomic lateral distal femoral angle is measured as the intersecting angle of the anatomic femoral axis in the frontal plane and the distal femoral joint orientation line.
The following results have been published in dogs for anatomic lateral distal femoral angle:
Small breeds: 95.3+/-3.5° (Radiograph) Olimpo et al. 2016
Small breeds: 96° (75-114) (Radiograph) Garnoeva et al. 2018
Labrador retriever: 97+/-3.2° (Radiograph) Tomlinson et al. 2007
Golden retriever: 97+/- 2.8° (Radiograph) Tomlinson et al. 2007
German shepherd: 94 +/- 3.3° (Radiograph) Tomlinson et al. 2007
Rottweiler: 98+/-3.5° (Radiograph) Tomlinson et al. 2007
Pomeranian: 95.21 +/- 3.48° (Radiograph) Soparat et al. 2012
Toy poodle: 94.4+/- 4.1° (Radiograph) Yasukawa et al. 2016
Chihuahua: 101.2+/-4.8° (Radiography CrCd); 97.1 +/-3.8 (Radiography CdCr); 95.7 +/-3.6 (CT) Phetkaew et al. 2018
Yorkshire terrier: 95.63 +/- 2.14° (Radiography) Žilinčík et al. 2018
English bulldog: 92.33 +/-4.75° (CT) Lusetti et al 2017
Various breeds: 93.35 +/-3.16° (CT) Kara et al 2017
Poodle toy: 90.3+/- 2.8° (CT) Yasukawa et al. 2017
English bulldog Staffordshire bull terrier: 96.18+/- 4.06° (CT) Newman and Voss 2017
References
Garnoeva, R, Roydev, R, Paskalev, M et al. Radiographic measures of pelvic limb malalignment in small breed dogs with various grades of medial patellar luxation. Comp Clin Pathol 2018;27, 1551–1555. doi.org/10.1007/s00580-018-2772-8.
Kara ME, Sevil-Kilimci F, Dilek ÖG, Onar V. Proximal and distal alignment of normal canine femurs: A morphometric analysis. Ann Anat. 2018 May;217:125-128. doi: 10.1016/j.aanat.2018.02.006. Epub 2018 Mar 19.
Lusetti F, Bonardi A, Eid C, Brandstetter de Belesini A, Martini FM. Pelvic limb alignment measured by computed tomography in purebred English Bulldogs with medial patellar luxation. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2017 May 10;30(3):200-208. doi: 10.3415/VCOT-16-07-0116. Epub 2017 May 5.
Newman M, Voss K. Computed tomographic evaluation of femoral and tibial conformation in English Staffordshire Bull Terriers with and without congenital medial patellar luxation. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2017 May 22;30(3):191-199. doi: 10.3415/VCOT-16-12-0162. Epub 2017 Mar 23. Erratum in: Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2017 Jul 10;30(4)
Olimpo M, Piras LA, Peirone B. Pelvic limb alignment in small breed dogs: a comparison between affected and free subjects from medial patellar luxation. Vet Ital. 2016 Jan-Mar;52(1):45-50. doi: 10.12834/VetIt.71.206.3.
Phetkaew T, Kalpravidh M, Penchome R, Wangdee C. A Comparison of Angular Values of the Pelvic Limb with Normal and Medial Patellar Luxation Stifles in Chihuahua Dogs Using Radiography and Computed Tomography. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2018 Feb;31(2):114-123. doi: 10.3415/VCOT-17-05-0067. Epub 2018 Mar 13. Erratum in: Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2018 Feb;31(2):a1.
Soparat C, Wangdee C, Chuthatep S, Kalpravidh M. Radiographic measurement for femoral varus in Pomeranian dogs with and without medial patellar luxation. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2012;25(3):197-201. doi: 10.3415/VCOT-11-04-0057. Epub 2012 Jan 27.
Tomlinson J, Fox D, Cook JL, Keller GG. Measurement of femoral angles in four dog breeds. Vet Surg. 2007 Aug;36(6):593-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-950X.2007.00309.x.
Yasukawa S, Edamura K, Tanegashima K, Seki M, Teshima K, Asano K, Nakayama T, Hayashi K. Evaluation of bone deformities of the femur, tibia, and patella in Toy Poodles with medial patellar luxation using computed tomography. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2016;29(1):29-38. doi: 10.3415/VCOT-15-05-0089. Epub 2015 Dec 7.
Žilinčík M, Hluchý M, Takáč L, Ledecký V. Comparison of Radiographic Measurements of the Femur in Yorkshire Terriers with and without Medial Patellar Luxation. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2018 Jan;31(1):17-22. doi: 10.3415/VCOT-17-01-0018. Epub 2018 Jan 11.
