Hemal process
Processus hemalis [haemalis]
Definition
The hemal process is a pair of paramedian tubercles located on the ventral surface of the body of certain caudal vertebrae. They are rudimentary ventral laminae.
They are found only in carnivores (Cd 5 to 15) and ruminants (Cd 1 to 8).
References
Barone R. Anatomie comparée des mammifères domestiques, Tome 1, Ostéologie, 5th edition, Vigot, Paris, 2017.
Constantinescu GM, Schaller O. Illustrated veterinary anatomical nomenclature, 3rd Edition, Enke Verlag, Stuttgart, 2012.
