Horny sole

The horny sole in horses refers to the tough, keratinized structure that forms the bottom part of the hoof. This structure is composed of dense, keratinized tissue that provides protection and support to the underlying sensitive structures of the hoof. The development and quality of the horny sole are influenced by the shape and arrangement of the dermal papillae and lamellae, which play a crucial role in the mechanical properties of the hoof horn. Proper horn quality is essential for the hoof's functions, including shock absorption and protection of the living dermis.[1]