Coracoid process

The coracoid process is a hook-shaped bony projection that extends anterolaterally from the superior aspect of the scapular neck. It marks the lateral end of the superior border of the scapula and plays a critical role in the structural integrity and function of the shoulder girdle.

Anatomical relations to neurovascular structures

• At the base of the coracoid process lies the suprascapular notch, located on its medial side.

• This notch is often converted into a foramen by the superior transverse scapular ligament, which spans across the notch.

• The suprascapular nerve passes through the foramen, while the suprascapular vessels cross over the ligament, remaining outside the foramen.

Muscle tendons attached to the coracoid process

• Pectoralis minor: Attaches to the medial aspect of the coracoid process.

• Coracobrachialis and short head of biceps brachii: These muscles share a common tendon that attaches to the apex of the coracoid process (the most anterior and superior point).

Ligaments attached to the coracoid process

• Coracoclavicular ligaments: Include the trapezoid and conoid ligaments, which are key stabilizers of the acromioclavicular joint.

• Coracoacromial ligament: Bifurcates into anterior and posterior bundles that attach to the lateral aspect of the coracoid process. Forms part of the coracoacromial arch, which protects the rotator cuff tendons.

• Coracohumeral ligament: Originates from the base of the coracoid process and extends to the humerus, enveloping the subscapularis muscle.

• Superior transverse scapular ligament: Overlies the suprascapular notch, converting it into the suprascapular foramen.