Labeled cross-sectional anatomy of the horse head on CT imaging
Preamble
The present document contains important information on the conditions (hereinafter "Conditions") of subscription to the paid services available on the site, accessible at www.imaios.cn (hereinafter "Site") or offered in the applications, available on the Apple Store and Android platforms (hereinafter "Applications") and published by the company IMAIOS (Shanghai) Information Consulting Co., Ltd. (hereinafter “IMAIOS” or "Publisher" or "Licensor"). In this respect, as the Applications are available on these platforms, the Customer using the Applications shall also be required to accept the terms of use of the Apple Store or Android platforms. The Conditions are reserved solely for consumers, as defined by law and jurisprudence, acting exclusively on their own behalf. In accordance with the laws of the People’s Republic of China (the “PRC”), the essential characteristics and prices of the Paid Services are available on the Site and the Applications.
The Conditions are accessible, before any order and before its completion on the Site and on the Applications.
Publisher identification
Company name: IMAIOS (Shanghai) Information Consulting Co., Ltd.
Corporate form: Limited liability company
Registered office: Room 1578, Building 2, 1266 Nanjing West Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200040, China
Unified Social Credit Code: 91310000MAE3FRX513
Legal representative: Nguyen-Thanh Denis HOA
Email: contact@imaios.cn
1. Purpose of the contract
1.1 Definitions
For the purposes of this contract, the terms below are defined as follow:
"License" refers to this License agreement defining the conditions of access and use of the Products imposed by the Publisher that the Customer accepts in order to place an order. According to the terms of this License, the Editor grants the Customer a license to use the Software for internal purposes as well as for its own needs. This term refers to the present contract, its annexes and its successive modifications.
"Licensee" or "Customer" or "User": means the natural person wishing to access and use the Paid Services offered by IMAIOS under the conditions set forth in this license, acting in his or her own name.
"Software" or “Solution” means original Software (including but not limited to, e-Anatomy and vet-Anatomy) published and distributed by IMAIOS and for which the Licensee wishes to have access to paying functionalities. This original Software is based on intangible elements and components such as the development of a source code, a set of instructions, programs (such as graphic interface, databases, etc.), processes and rules which are the result of specific and creative choices and above all of intellectual contribution. It also means the documentation associated with said products and their accessories (images, texts, etc.), i.e. any element attached to or associated with the Software that allows their functioning and use.
"Paid Services": refers to paid access to features of the Software, available on the Site or within the Applications. The Licensor hereby grants the Licensee, who accepts it, a non-exclusive, non-transferable, non-assignable, revocable license to use the paid-for software features ordered for the entire duration of this License, in accordance with its intended purpose and for its personal needs only.
1.2 Purpose
The purpose of this contract is thus to determine the conditions of subscription by the Customer allowing him to use the Paid Services of the Products, accessible from the Site or the Applications, within the limits of use defined in the License.
1.3 Scope
The Licensee declares that he has read the documentation freely accessible on the IMAIOS website, which presents the characteristics of the Software, as well as the terms and conditions of the License granted by the Publisher to the Customer for the Software and, in the event of an order placed on the Apple Store or Android platforms, the related terms of use.
The Licensee acknowledges that the granted use only allows the Software to be consulted on the Website or within the Applications downloaded onto the mobile device (tablet, telephone) belonging to the Licensee. The Licensee agrees that this License does not include any additional services other than the Paid Services "defined" in Article 1.1 "Definitions". This License does not authorize the Licensee to grant sub-licenses.
This License does not include user support for the Licensee.
Licensee hereby agrees that the Software contains proprietary content, information and materials that are protected by applicable intellectual property and other laws, including but not limited to copyright, and that Licensee shall not use such proprietary content, information or materials in any manner whatsoever, except for the permitted use of the Software under the terms of this Agreement.
The Licensor's intellectual property rights in trademarks, designs and models are not within the scope of this License.
2. Terms of order
In order to subscribe to Paid Services, the Customer must follow the steps below:
2.1. On the Site
a. The Customer will click on a link or type in the address of the Site.
b. The Customer will follow the instructions of the Site and in particular, the instructions necessary for the registration of the Customer, reflected by the creation of a User account if he does not already have one: in this case, the Customer will have, in particular, to provide information relating to his title, his name, his first name, his billing address, e-mail address and phone number. The Customer agrees to provide true and accurate information. The Customer may, at any time, modify his personal information, his login and password, by accessing his account. The Customer is the only one responsible for the use of his login and password, which he agrees to keep secret. In case of loss or unauthorized use of his account, it is up to the Customer to inform the Publisher without delay, by using the tab "Contact" present on all the pages of the Site. In the event of a possible loss of the password, when opening the session and entering the username and password, the Customer can click on a link that will allow him to ask the Publisher to grant him a new password that will be sent to the address indicated in his personal information.
c. From then on, the Customer will read the present on the link "Subscription Terms & Conditions" as well as the conditions of access and use of the site and the applications. The Customer will then check the box "I accept the Subscription Terms & Conditions and Conditions of access & use".
d. It is then up to the Customer who wishes to access the Paid Services to fill in the order form. In the event of prolonged inactivity during the connection, it is possible that the selection of the Paid Services chosen by the Customer before this inactivity is no longer guaranteed. The Customer is then invited to restart the selection of the Paid Services from the beginning. The Customer will check the elements of the order and, if necessary, identify and correct any errors; it is always possible to abandon the order until confirmation.
e. The Customer will confirm the order and follow the instructions of the Payment Service Provider to pay the Total Price.
f. The Customer will be redirected to the "My Order" page. At the same time, the Customer will receive an electronic order confirmation, showing the order number and the price paid. The Customer will be able to access an invoice in electronic format on his account. It is recommended to print the order confirmation page, in order to keep the elements of the order, as well as the order number. This number must be remembered for any claim.
2.2 On Applications
a. The Customer shall go to the Application, or, if he does not already have it, to the Apple Store or Android platforms in order to download the Application, in accordance with the terms and conditions applicable to the relevant platform and agreeing to abide by the conditions of access and use of the site and the Applications.
b. The Customer must create a User account within the Application, in order to be able to benefit from the Paid Services on other devices, such as on the Site or the same application on another platform. To this end, he must provide information such as his title, name, first name, billing address, e-mail address and phone number. The Customer agrees to provide true and accurate information. The Customer may, at any time, modify his personal information, his login and password, by accessing his account. The Customer is the only one responsible for the use of his login and password, which he agrees to keep secret. In case of loss or unauthorized use of his account, it is the Customer's responsibility to notify the Publisher without delay, using the "Contact" tab in the Applications. In the event of a lost password, when logging in and entering the username and password, the Customer may click on a link that will lead the Publisher to grant a new password which will be sent to the Customer at the address indicated in his personal information.
c. In any case, the subscription to the Paid Services is made with the platform. Therefore, in addition to reading these terms and conditions on the "Subscription Terms" link, as well as the terms and conditions of access and use of the website and applications, and checking the box "I accept the Subscription Terms & Conditions and Conditions of access & use", the Customer will also be bound by the general terms and conditions of the Apple Store, Android platforms or Payment Service Provider, which he will have already read when downloading the Application and which he will be required to accept again.
d. It is then up to the Customer who wishes to access the Paid Services to order the desired services by selecting the services, clicking on "Subscribe" and then on the desired subscription and on "Subscribe". The Customer will then validate his order, according to the terms retained by the platform and will follow the platform's instructions to pay the price.
e. The Customer shall receive an electronic order confirmation without delay, showing the order number and the price paid. The Customer will be able to access an invoice in electronic format on his account within the platform. It is recommended to keep the order confirmation page, in order to keep the elements composing the order, as well as the order number. This number must be mentioned for any claim.
3. Access to Paid Services and Withdrawal
3.1 Access and Limitation
Access to the Paid Services on the Site will be activated after validation and payment of the order, by providing a username and password. The Customer will be able to access, by logging in on the Site, the Paid Services ordered and paid for. Access to the Paid Services on the Applications occurs after payment has been made on the Application, on the Customer's Android platforms, Apple Store or Payment Service Provider account, but can also be done by linking, within the Application, to the account opened on the Site in order to benefit from the paid services that have been subscribed to on the Site. Indeed, while the use of the Customer's account is strictly individual, no account sharing being accepted, the Customer is entitled to use, in a non-simultaneous manner, the Paid Services on several devices, on the basis of a single subscription.
The Licensee acknowledges that the use of the Paid Services does not include any installation, adaptation, customization, or training services: such services, if required, will be billed separately upon request by the Licensee to the Licensor.
3.2 Withdrawal
Concerning the orders made on the Site, the Customer benefits, beyond even the legal prescriptions, from a right of retraction of 30 (thirty) days from the day his order has been completed. The Customer can thus during this period, without attesting to any reason, go back on his commitment by sending to the Publisher, ideally with acknowledgement of receipt, a letter or an e-mail in that sense and without any ambiguity. A standard withdrawal form, which is only an example, is communicated to the Customer in the appendix. The refund will then take place within 14 (fourteen) days.
With respect to orders for Paid Services placed on the Applications, Android platforms, Payment Service Provider or Apple Store terms of use apply.
In this respect, the Customer ordering services on the Apple Store as well as on Android platforms expressly acknowledges, due to the nature of the subject matter of the contract (access to and use of Products requested by the Customer prior to any exercise of a right of withdrawal), that withdrawal is excluded when the download of the Paid Services takes place at the time of the order on the Apple Store and that the services ordered on Android platforms or Payment Service providers are also immediately available.
During the realization of the various stages mentioned above of the order, the Customer commits himself to respect the present contractual conditions.
The Publisher reserves the right to refuse the order for any legitimate reason and in particular if it is abnormal, placed in bad faith or when there is a dispute with the Customer concerning the payment of a previous order.
4. Price and payment
4.1 Price
To access and use the Paid Services, the Customer must pay the price corresponding to the service in question and to the duration of the subscription chosen.
The price of the subscription allowing access to and use of the Paid Services is specified on the current price list available on the Site or on the Application and mentioned again at the time of the order; it includes all taxes.
The Paid Services correspond to:
· the cost of granting this License for the use of the Site and Applications;
· if applicable, the cost of support, usage statistics, hosting, and bandwidth for the use of the Software.
All other services are not included in the Price, including any potential installation, adaptation, customization or training fees: such services, if required, will be billed separately upon request by the Licensee to the Licensor. In this regard, the telecommunication fees related to access to the Site or the Application shall remain the sole responsibility of the Client. The validity period of the offers and prices is determined by the updating of the Site and the Applications.
4.2 Payment
On the Site and Applications, the payment of the total price by the Customer is carried out by credit card or debit cards, Apple Pay, WeChat Pay or Alipay via third party Payment Processing Providers. The accepted credit or debit cards are those supported by the third parties payment processing providers
Where applicable, the transaction is immediately debited from the Customer's digital wallet or bank card after verification of the card's data, upon receipt of the debit authorization from the company issuing the digital wallet or bank card used by the Customer.
The commitment to pay by means of a digital wallet or payment card is irrevocable. By providing his digital wallet or credit card information, the Customer authorizes the payment provider to debit his digital wallet or credit card for the amount corresponding to the total price.
To this end, the Customer confirms that he is the holder of the digital wallet or bank card to be debited and that the name on the bank card is indeed his. The Customer communicates the sixteen digits and the expiry date of his credit card as well as, if necessary, the numbers of the visual cryptogram.
In the event that it is impossible to debit the total price, the order will be immediately canceled by right.
The Licensor makes every effort to ensure the confidentiality and security of data transmitted on the Site. The Customer is informed that when paying by digital wallet or credit card, the Licensor uses the services of a service provider who is responsible for ensuring the safety of the payment transaction; the Publisher does not have access to the Customer's credit card numbers which are not stored at the Publisher but at the payment provider. Moreover, when subscribing to paid Services on the Applications, the Publisher does not handle the payment operations, which depend on the platforms or Payment Service Provider.
5. Duration of access and renewal
Access to the Paid Services begins on the day of payment of the order for the duration chosen by the Customer when ordering. For certain Paid Services, individual subscriptions are automatically renewed on the expiration date; the user may at any time, up to and including the day before the renewal, disable this renewal from the interface of his profile, under the section "Subscriptions", or, in the context of the Applications, on the page for managing purchases and/or subscriptions provided by Apple Store (Settings > Apple ID), Android platforms or Payment Service Provider.
The User will be informed of the deadline for objecting to the renewal of the subscription by e-mail, at the earliest 3 months and at the latest 1 month before the annual subscription renewal date.
It is expressly agreed between the Parties that IMAIOS reserves the right to modify its rates and access conditions from one period to another.
In addition, certain Paid Services may be subscribed to for an indefinite period: IMAIOS may not request a new paid subscription for these services, but does not commit to ensuring that these services, or the Application on which they are located, remain available.
6. Applicable contract documents
By using the IMAIOS’ Site and the Applications, the Licensee accepts, without reservation, the Conditions of access and use of the Site and Applications available on the IMAIOS site in free access and on each Application, as well as the Licensor's Privacy Policy. In the event of a conflict between the general terms of use and the present contract, the latter shall prevail. Furthermore, the Customer using the Applications is subject to the terms of use of the platform used, namely Android platforms, Payment Service Provider or Apple Store. In the event of a conflict between those conditions and the present terms and conditions, the latter shall prevail.
7. Termination
In the event of a breach by either party of any of its contractual obligations, this agreement may be terminated at the request of the injured party, in the absence of an amicable agreement, after formal notice to perform has been served by registered letter with acknowledgement of receipt which has remained unsuccessful for a period of thirty days, simply by sending a registered letter with acknowledgement of receipt notifying said termination. In the event that the Licensee fails to comply with its obligations, no refund of the price paid, corresponding to the remaining period of the subscription, will be granted.
8. Miscellaneous provisions
Unless proven otherwise, the data recorded on the page "My Account" of the Site constitutes proof of all Orders placed on the Site, and the Customer may thus access the history of orders placed at any time. Similarly, orders placed on the Applications are visible on the Apple Store, Android or Payment Service Provider platforms.
The Customer may access the contracts binding the parties at the time of the order (Subscription Conditions, Privacy Policy, Terms and conditions of access and use of the Site and Applications) on the Site and via links within the Applications. The Customer may download these contracts and keep them in a durable manner on any other medium of his choice.
This Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties and their respective successors in interest. Licensee may not assign its rights, obligations or privileges hereunder or under any law, except with the prior written consent of Licensor.
The translation of the Conditions into any other language is provided for information purposes only. In the event of any inconsistency between the translated version and the English version, the English version shall prevail and be the only version that is binding on both parties and governs the relationship with the Publisher.
This contract and its interpretation are subject to the PRC law and the parties acknowledge the exclusive jurisdiction of the people’s court in Shanghai at the place where the Publisher is registered at.
Cancellation form template
(for Orders placed on the Site)
IMAIOS (Shanghai) Information Consulting Co., Ltd.Room 1578, Building 2, 1266 Nanjing West Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200040, China
I hereby inform you of my decision to exercise my right of withdrawal for:
the order n°XXXX, concerning the service XXXX, made on XX/XX/202X.
Consequently, I would like to ask you to return to me as soon as possible and at the latest within 14 days following the reception of the present, the sum of .... CNY that I paid to you at the time of my order, this in accordance with the provisions of the PRC Civil Code.
Name of the consumer
Address and, if necessary, email address of the consumer
Date
Warning to be read carefully
1. This document contains important information about the terms and conditions (hereinafter "Conditions") for accessing and using the site accessible at www.imaios.cn (hereinafter "Site") and the applications, including but not limited to, e-Anatomy and vet-Anatomy available on Android and Apple Store (hereinafter "Applications"), which apply between the company that publishes the Site and the Applications and all the users of the Site and Applications (hereinafter referred to as the "User").
2. The Site and the Applications may only be used for informational purposes. The Site and the Applications are intended only for use by knowledgeable healthcare professionals and those who are already engaged in a training process, independent of the Site and the Applications, to become professionals.
The Site and the Applications can in no way answer the public's medical questions. They are not intended to replace the relationship between the patient and his health care professional or to replace his medical advice. The Site and the Applications have not been tested or approved for clinical use. They are not medical devices and are not certified as such. They may not be used as diagnostic tools.
In general, we recommend that you systematically seek the advice of your usual doctor before consulting any Internet sites and applications with medical content.
3. By accessing the Site or the Applications and their content, or by using any of the services offered on the Site and within the Applications, you fully and unreservedly accept these Conditions as defined below and you declare that you are bound by these Conditions for an indefinite period of time, whether or not you are a healthcare professional. They include various limitations and exclusions of liability, as well as a jurisdictional clause governing the handling of any dispute.
By accessing the Site or downloading one of the Applications, you acknowledge that you are aware of the Privacy and Data Protection Policy practiced by the Editor and accessible at https://www.imaios.cn/en/privacy-policy, on any page of the Site and within each Application. You declare that you do not object to this Privacy and Data Protection Policy implemented by the Editor.
4. These terms are subject to change at any time and without notice; they are systematically brought to the attention of any person accessing the Site or an Application by a link accessible on all pages of the Site and within each Application. We therefore thank you for regularly consulting these terms and their update.
If you do not accept all or part of the Conditions, you are requested to renounce all use of the Site and the Applications and to leave them.
5. These terms apply exclusively to your access to and use of the Site and the Applications; they do not alter the terms or conditions of any other agreement you may have with the Editor.
1 PRESENTATION OF THE SITE AND THE APPLICATIONS
1.1 Description and objectives of the Site and the Applications
Both the Site and the Applications are intended exclusively for an audience of knowledgeable healthcare professionals (hereinafter "User(s)"). They are designed for educational purposes and contain medical information (articles, illustrations, tools and other resources, etc.).
1.2 Origin of the Site and the Applications
The Site and the Applications are published by the company IMAIOS (Shanghai) Information Consulting Co., Ltd., Room 1578, Building 2, 1266 Nanjing West Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200040, China (hereinafter referred to as the "Editor").
The director of the publication is Mr Denis Hoa.
1.3 Hosting of the Site
The Site is hosted by AWS China (Ningxia) Region, operated by Ningxia Western Cloud Data Technology Co. Ltd. (NWCD).
1.4 Regular contributors
All members of the IMAIOS team contribute regularly to the provision of medical information on the Site and the Applications, and in particular its managers:
Denis Hoa, Doctor of Medicine, graduate of the Faculty of Medicine of Montpellier, DES Radiodiagnostic et Imagerie médicale, Laureate of the Faculty of Medicine of Montpellier, Holder of a Master 2 Recherche en Radiophysique et Imagerie médicales, and
Antoine Micheau, Doctor of Medicine, graduate of the Faculty of Medicine of Montpellier, DES Radiodiagnostic et Imagerie médicale.
1.5 Financing of the Site and the Applications
The Site is financed by the Editor and the Users' subscriptions. The Applications are financed by the Editor and by the integrated purchases made by the Users, the Applications being of freemium type.
The shareholders of the Editor have no direct or indirect link with the pharmaceutical industry.
2. ACCESS TO THE SITE AND APPLICATIONS
2.1. Open access and registration
2.1.1 The Site
The Site is free and in free access. However, the Editor reserves the right to make access to all or part of the Site subject to payment, unilaterally and without prior notice.
Access to certain areas of the Site may be subject to prior registration according to a procedure explained on this occasion. If necessary, the Editor reserves the right to suspend, limit or refuse access to the Site, unilaterally and without prior notice, to any registered User (hereinafter "Registered User") who does not respect the Conditions.
2.1.2 The Applications
The Applications (including but not limited to e-Anatomy and vet-Anatomy) each and individually are based on a set of instructions, programs, and rules. They are the expression of a unique source code created by the Editor.
Each of these Applications is an original software created by IMAIOS.
These Applications are more than the simple implementation of an automatic logic.
Each one has lines of programming, codes, a structure and language of development which are the reflection of creative choices and an intellectual contribution of the Editor.
The Applications are free and freely downloadable on the Android, Apple Store or other application platforms. However, some options are not free, and the Editor reserves the right to charge for access to functions that are initially free, unilaterally and without notice.
2.2 Updating, interruption and availability of the Site and the Applications and their content
The Editor may, at any time, modify or delete information made available on the Site and/or any Application. It reserves the right to interrupt, temporarily or permanently, suspend or modify access to all or part of the Site and the Applications, in order to ensure maintenance, or for any other reason, without this interruption giving rise to any obligation or compensation. Access to the Applications may also be interrupted or suspended due to unilateral decisions by Android or Apple Store.
Product and service specifications are subject to change without notice. Furthermore, IMAIOS does not guarantee that the products or services that are listed online or on the Applications will be available at the time of your order.
2.3 Scope
It is hereby expressly agreed that the granted access only allows the User to visit the Site and the Applications.
The User acknowledges that these Terms do not confer to the User any title of intellectual property rights (in particular as trademarks, designs or models) on the Site and the Applications.
3 SPECIFIC COMMITMENTS OF USERS
By using the Site and the Applications, the User agrees in particular not to:
- share his credentials with another user, each account being for strict individual use;
- disrupt or interfere with the security of the Site and the Applications and their Content, resources (servers or networks connected to or accessible through the Site);
- disrupt or interfere with the enjoyment of any other User;
- upload, post or otherwise transmit through or on any site any virus or other harmful file;
- transmit through or on the Site or the Applications any type of unsolicited mass email to persons or entities who have not agreed to be part of such mailings;
- attempt to gain unauthorized access to the Site or the Applications or portions of the Site or the Applications that are restricted;
- use the Site or the Applications to seek, provide or obtain specific medical advice, medical opinion or diagnosis;
- use the Site or the Applications to seek, provide or obtain answers and/or specific lessons applied to a specific health-related examination.
4 QUALITY AND USE OF THE INFORMATION PROVIDED
4.1 Quality
The Editor endeavors to take the greatest care in the quality of the information provided on the Site and the Applications and in their regular updating. However, the Site and the Applications may contain erroneous or inaccurate information, omissions or data published independently of the Editor’s wish.
The Editor assumes no obligation to update the information available on the Site and the Applications.
The source of the data published on the Site and the Applications is explicitly mentioned with, if necessary, a hyperlink to this source. The date of the last modification appears clearly on the page of the Site, or the Application concerned.
4.2 Usage
The Editor particularly draws the attention to the fact that the information published on the Site and on the Applications remains only indicative and for educational purposes without any express or tacit guarantee of any kind, for the exclusive use of health professionals duly authorized to practice in France, China or in their country of origin and health students, with the exception of the Applications which may be intended for a wider public.
This information shall in no way replace the opinion of health professionals or be considered or interpreted as advice or a recommendation of any kind.
The User shall not under any circumstances use the Site or the Applications to describe a condition, make a diagnosis, decide on treatment or make any medical decision in the treatment of patients.
The User is in any case the only one responsible for the use of the information made available to him. He is invited to use it with discernment and to use his own professional judgment to evaluate it. The Editor further advises the systematic consultation of other sources of information.
5 AVAILABILITY OF PRODUCTS OR SERVICES
Any reference to an Editor product, application or service on the Site or the Applications does not imply that such product or service is or will be available in your country, where it may be subject to different regulations and conditions of use. This reference does not imply any intention on the part of the Editor to sell such product, application or service in the User's country. The Site and the Applications contain information on products and services that may or may not be available in all countries of the world. The User must ensure, prior to any use of the Site, the Applications or the products/services accessible via the Site and the Applications, that such use does not violate the laws of his country of residence.
The User is solely responsible for verifying whether the content of the Site, the Applications (or the products/services accessible from the Site or the Applications) complies with the legislation of the country from which he accesses the Site or the Application. The User is thus prohibited from using the Site or the Applications in a manner contrary to the legal, regulatory or ethical provisions applicable under the law of the country from which he accesses the Site or the Applications. The responsibility of the Editor or any other party involved in the creation and operation of the Site, or the Applications shall not be engaged in case of non-compliance with the legislation of the country where the Site or the Applications are used.
6 LIABILITY AND WARRANTY
6.1 Exclusion of liability and warranty of the Editor
The Editor, its partners, its employees or any other party involved in the creation and operation of the Site and the Applications shall not be liable for any prejudice or damage, direct or indirect, of any nature whatsoever, resulting from the User’s access, use, even partial, or interpretation of the information on the Site or the Applications.
6.2 Liability and warranty of the User
The User guarantees and indemnifies the Editor, its partners, its employees or any other party involved in the creation and operation of the Site or the Applications against any action or claim from a third party due to the use of the Site or the Applications by the User or any harmful consequences directly or indirectly related to the use he makes of the Site or the Applications.
The User thus takes in charge the entirety of the damages to which the Editor, its partners, its employees or any other party implied in the creation and the exploitation of the Site, and the Applications could be condemned as well as the legal expenses and the exposed fees.
Finally, the Editor cannot be held responsible for the content of the messages left on the discussion forums of the Site and, where applicable, of the Applications, which are only moderated a posteriori, and which are only binding on their authors.
6.3 Hyperlinks to third-party sites
The Site and the Applications are likely to contain hypertext links to other Internet sites managed by third parties. However, the Editor cannot proceed to the regular verification of the quality of these linked sites. The Editor cannot be held responsible for the content of these sites, nor for the services offered on these sites.
In addition, a summary and/or a link to a third-party site does not imply that the Editor approves the site or the products or services on these third-party sites. It does not guarantee the accuracy of any content referenced in such third-party sites and will not be liable for any damage or injury resulting from access to or inability to access such sites.
7 OWNERSHIP OF THE SITE, APPLICATIONS AND THEIR CONTENT
7.1 Protection of the content of the Site and the Applications
All intellectual property rights on the Site, the Applications and their content (hereinafter "Content") including texts, databases, software, applications, slideshows, logos, images, drawings, graphics, animated sequences, sounds, videos are the property of the Editor, or third parties having authorized the Editor to use them.
The whole of this Content is thus protected by the French and international legislations in particular on the copyright, the designs and models law, the trademark law, the database law.
The names and brands mentioned on the Site and the Applications are registered trademarks of the Editor or its beneficiaries.
It is explicitly agreed that the granted access to the Site and the Applications shall not be interpreted as a license granted to the User on the intellectual property rights held by the Editor. Therefore, any reproduction, imitation and more generally any exploitation of these trademarks are prohibited.
7.2 Use of the Site and the Applications - License granted
The Site and the Applications are intended exclusively for the personal and private use of the User.
The Editor grants the User a worldwide, non-exclusive, non-transferable, non-assignable, revocable license to use the Site and Applications for the duration of this Agreement and under the conditions set forth. The User acknowledges that the Site and Applications contain exclusive content, information, and materials that are protected by applicable intellectual property laws, in particular, copyright law. IMAIOS holds the intellectual property rights, including copyright, to the Site and Applications. The User acquires only a grant of rights, without any transfer of ownership.
The User is authorized to print or download the pages of the Site or print or take screenshots of the pages of the Applications under the following cumulative conditions:
- printing or downloading or, if applicable, printing or capturing, in a partial and reasonable manner (i.e. maximum 10% of the Site or the Application);
- no removal of any proprietary notices from the content, no modification of the content;
- use of printed, captured or downloaded information only for the personal and private use of the User, for non-commercial purposes;
- no public use, no distribution of printouts, captures or downloads.
Any other use (in particular any reproduction, representation, modification, adaptation, distribution for commercial purposes, lucrative or not) is strictly forbidden except prior express written agreement of the Editor.
The Editor being producer and owner of all or part of the databases present or used on the Site and the Applications, it is moreover strictly forbidden, for example, to extract and use all or part of the contents of the databases appearing on the Site and the Applications.
7.3 Hypertext links to the Site
It is not permitted to set up direct links to documents or pages within the Site, except with the prior authorization of the Editor.
All links to the Site must be approved in writing by IMAIOS, except in the following case:
- the link is a text link to the home page of the Site and not to pages of the Site;
- the link must display the homepage of the Site in full screen and not in a frame;
- the appearance, position, and other aspects of the link must not create the false impression that an entity or its activities or products are associated with the Editor.
In any event, the Editor reserves the right to withdraw its consent for a link without cause or notice, at any time.
7.4 Assignment of Rights to User Contributions
7.4.1 Subject
On the Site and certain Applications, the User has the possibility of submitting contributions, which may be of various kinds and may include, but are not limited to, images, drawings, diagrams, definitions of medical or anatomical terms, translations, anatomical labels, clinical cases...
These contributions are systematically voluntary and are made by means of contribution buttons or links available on the Site and the Applications concerned.
By virtue of these terms of use, to which reference is made when such a contribution (hereinafter the "Contribution") is made, the User assigns to the Editor, upon submission of his Contribution, all intellectual property rights relating to his Contribution, for the legal duration of protection of these rights and for the entire world.
7.4.2 Rights assigned
These rights include in particular the rights of reproduction, representation and adaptation as well as the secondary rights as these rights are defined below:
7.4.2.1 For the reproduction right
- The right to reproduce, fix, duplicate, print or record all or part of the Contribution, temporarily or permanently, on any medium, in any format, whether or not associated with other works of any kind, whether of the same or different genre, or whether or not integrated into such works, this reproduction right including the right to reproduce the Contribution permanently or temporarily in whole or in part, by all means and processes, in all forms, in particular for any loading, display, execution, transmission or storage operation, on all media, known or unknown to date, and in particular digital and opto-numeric, magnetic and analog, on paper and similar media, using all framing ratios, on any site and any application;
- The right to publish, distribute, market, offer for sale, broadcast, publish and republish, exploit, grant or transfer rights of use, rent, lend, by any means, reproductions of all or part of the Contribution, in its original version or in a version as previously defined, all of which may be paid for or free of charge;
- The right to make and have made, without limitation as to the number of copies, all originals, duplicates or copies, on all analog and digital media, in all formats and by all processes known or unknown to date, from the Contribution.
7.4.2.2 For the representation right
- The right to represent, disseminate and exploit all or part of the Contribution in its original version or in a version as previously defined, whether or not associated with other works of any kind whatsoever, of the same or different genre, by broadcasting on electronic communication networks, by broadcasting and public communication by wire or wireless means, by public projection, by transmission in a public place of the work broadcast or communicated to the public, by public presentation and all other means ;
- The right to distribute or have the Contribution distributed on the Internet and the mobile telephone network, by all processes inherent in this mode of operation, whether known or unknown at the time of writing, and in particular by reproduction on any computer, digital or optodigital server, by on-demand distribution free of charge, by streaming involving temporary reproduction without the possibility of downloading by the viewer of the Contribution, by permanent or temporary downloading, by representation on the screens of terminals used to connect to the Internet and whatever the communication channel, mobile telephone line, cable, optics fiber, satellite, Wi-Fi etc. , with a view to communicating the Contribution to the public, with or without encryption, both for individual and collective reception. This right includes, in particular, advertising use, distribution on social networks and video hosting sites;
- The right to broadcast the Contribution, with or without encryption, for the purposes of both individual and collective reception, by all processes inherent in this mode of exploitation;
- the right to present the Contribution to the public at events open to the public, exhibitions, public screenings, festivals and promotional events.
7.4.2.3 For the right of adaptation and secondary exploitation
- The right to translate, arrange, modify, adapt, transform, modulate, compress, change the format and resolution, dub, crop, caption, comment on the Contribution, add music, a still image or a sequence of moving images to the Contribution, create any derivative or composite work incorporating the Contribution or borrowing from the Contribution, in whole or in part and in any written, oral, telematic or digital form, etc, for the purposes of all types of exploitation;
- The right to market, distribute and sell any product incorporating the Contribution as an accessory or in a substantial manner, such as, in particular, works of applied art, motifs, product designs, packaging and clothing.
The User further grants the right to assign or license to any third party all or part of the intellectual property rights granted hereunder in the Contribution.
This assignment of rights shall not be construed as conferring on the Editor any obligation to exploit the Contribution.
This assignment is made free of charge, which the User expressly accepts, in view of the lack of exclusivity and the general interest of the contributions.
The Editor shall have the right to take any action to stop any infringement or illegal exploitation of the Contribution.
7.4.3 Guarantees
The User warrants to the Editor that he will enjoy and exercise the rights attached to the Contribution and assigned hereunder. The User warrants to the Editor that the User is the sole owner of the rights granted to the Editor or that the User has obtained all necessary authorizations for this transfer. The User shall indemnify and hold the Editor harmless from and against any and all claims, actions, demands, oppositions, liabilities, losses, damages, costs or expenses incurred by the Editor arising out of or relating to the User's breach of this agreement or any claim, action, demand or proceeding brought by any third party alleging that the Contribution infringes or is likely to infringe his intellectual property rights or those of a third party. In such case, the User shall bear all costs incurred by the Editor in its defense, including any amounts that the Editor may be ordered to pay by a court of law.
8 Miscellaneous provisions
8.1 Duration
The Editor may terminate, modify, suspend or interrupt any access and use of the Site or the Application. He may remove, modify any content of the Site or the Application. It may impose limits on certain features and services or restrict access to all or part of the Site or the Application without notice or liability. The Editor reserves the right to terminate the authorization to use the Site, at any time and at its sole discretion.
8.2 Translation
The translation of the Conditions into any other language is provided for information purposes only. In the event of any inconsistency between the translated version and the [French version], the French version shall prevail and be the only version that is binding on both parties and governs the relationship with the Editor.
8.3 Complaints
All complaints and reports of any abuse (for example, concerning a contentious contribution on the Site's discussion forums) or infringement of intellectual property rights must be made in writing to the contact address mentioned below.
In case of infringement of intellectual property rights, the following information must be provided:
- Identification, contact details and signature of the owner of the rights claimed to have been infringed;
- Mandate, if any, of the owner's representative for the purpose of issuing the notice of infringement;
- Precise description of the elements that do not respect the rights of the said owner and whose removal from the Site, or an Application is requested;
- Declaration confirming the accuracy of the information transmitted to the Editor.
Moreover, the User who would have the status of consumer is informed of the possibility of referring free of charge to a consumer mediator, and more precisely to the Center of the Mediation of Consumption of Conciliators of Justice, whose Internet site is https://www.cm2c.net
8.4 Breach of the User
The fact that the Editor does not take advantage of a breach by the User of any of the legal obligations or obligations referred to herein shall not be interpreted for the future as a waiver of the obligation in question and of the right to take advantage of this breach later.
If any provision of the Conditions is invalid under any law or any other rule of law, it shall be deemed unwritten, without invalidating the Conditions as a whole.
8.5 Applicable law and jurisdiction
The Site and the Applications are designed in France. They are hosted in the PRC. The Conditions are subject to the application of the PRC law. In the event of a dispute concerning the application or interpretation of the Conditions or, more generally, the use of the Site and the Applications by any individual or legal entity, it is expressly agreed that the courts in China shall have sole jurisdiction, even in the event of multiple defendants or third-party claims.
8.6 Contact
IMAIOS (Shanghai) Information Consulting Co., Ltd., Room 1578, Building 2, 1266 Nanjing West Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200040, China Tel: +33 9 72 10 11 10
contact@imaios.cn
Preamble
This Privacy and Personal Data Protection Policy establishes the commitments of our company, publisher of the website https://www.imaios.cn(hereinafter the "Website") and the applications e-Anatomy and vet-Anatomy available on Android, Apple Store and other platforms (hereinafter the "Applications") with regard to the confidentiality and protection of personal data of the users of the Website and Applications (hereinafter the "User", defined as any natural person or legal entity that consents to the Terms of access and use of the Website and the Applications).
It applies specifically to users of the Website and the Applications residing in the People’s Republic of China (for the purpose of this policy, excluding Hong Kong SAR, Macau SAR and Taiwan) and complies with the PRC laws on data protection including but not limited to the Personal Information Protection Law.
We recommend that you refer to the Terms of Use of the Website and the Applications for further explanation of the purposes of the Website and the Applications and their terms of use.
By accessing the Website and the Applications, you acknowledge that you are fully aware of this Privacy and Data Protection Policy and declare that you do not object to it.
1. Our Company
The Website and the Applications are edited by our company, IMAIOS (Shanghai) Information Consulting Co., Ltd.
You can contact us, in particular for the purpose of exercising your right to privacy, at IMAIOS (Shanghai) Information Consulting Co., Ltd. , Room 1578, Building 2, 1266 Nanjing West Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200040, China or through our e-mail address: contact@imaios.cn.
2. Principles of Confidentiality
Personal information about visitors of our Website and our applications, including their identity, is confidential. We undertake to respect legal conditions of confidentiality applicable in the PRC and not to disclose this information to third parties except as expressly provided herein.
Any non-personal information you provide to us will, unless you notify us otherwise, be considered non-confidential and free to use, subject to compliance with applicable provisions.
3. Collection of personal data
You may withhold your consent to the collection of personal data. However, such a decision may restrict or prevent access to all or part of the Website and the Applications.
The person responsible for processing your data is our company, whose contact details are: IMAIOS (Shanghai) Information Consulting Co., Ltd., Room 1578, Building 2, 1266 Nanjing West Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200040, China - contact@imaios.cn. Its representative is Mr. Denis HOA, whom you can contact at the same address.
Our Website and our Applications are free of charge and freely accessible and downloadable and, except for the realization of some services, do not require the creation of a customer account. Nevertheless, we collect at each connection to the Website and the Applications your IP (Internet Protocol) number provided by your access provider, to which you hereby agree. We process this information in order to allow you to access the Website and the Applications but also, which you consent to, to identify your geographical data and personalize our content.
Registration is then necessary to use certain services (purchase of products, subscriptions, downloads, contribution to discussion forums, etc.).
We collect various information, such as your first and last name, address, profession, establishment or company, telephone number and e-mail address, which you guarantee to be accurate and which you undertake to update. Only the email address is required for registration. This information allows us to manage your participation in the activities and services offered and to better process your requests. The processing of the e-mail address is based on our contract and legitimate interests (to maintain our records and to know how our customers use our services) and, for the other data, on your consent. By accepting this Privacy Policy, you expressly authorize the collection of the above-mentioned data for the purpose of direct marketing and renew your consent for the purpose of customer loyalty.
In the event of an order, we will collect your first and last name and billing address, which are processed based on our contract, in order to determine the applicable VAT rate.
In addition, we may collect your first and last name, title and professional affiliation, which you warrant to be accurate, for the purpose of publicly identifying you in connection with your contributions to the Website and/or the Applications, if you expressly so consent. The processing of such data is then based only on your sole express consent.
We will notify and seek your consent separately in either of the following scenarios: (i) providing your personal information to other personal information processors, (ii) release your personal information to the public, (ii) processing sensitive personal information, and (iv) providing personal information abroad, unless otherwise allowed by the applicable laws.
We may only allow third party partner companies to contact you if you have given your explicit consent, either when you register or later by changing your preferences from the Website or Application.
We inform you that we do not collect your banking data. In order to maximize the security of our transactions, we use a payment gateway. Therefore, the information you are asked for, namely your credit card number, the name of your bank and security information, is not collected and processed by our Website and Applications but by our banking intermediary, who is the sole responsible in this regard.
Similarly, we inform you that the presence of hyperlinks to websites managed by third parties does not make us in any way responsible for the content of these sites, the services offered, the collection of personal data carried out by these third parties and their privacy policy. We therefore encourage you to check the privacy and data protection statement of any third-party sites you access from the Website or the Applications.
4. Third parties
The information collected may be transmitted to any judicial or administrative authority that may request it. In addition, we may, on an exceptional basis, transmit the data collected to third party service providers for the design, maintenance, security and commercial promotion of the Website and the Applications, the sale and distribution of our products and other commercial initiatives or the hosting of our data.
Such transmission of data will in all cases be in accordance with the purposes stated herein and we ensure that our service providers who have access to the data in these circumstances are bound by an obligation of strict confidentiality and may be subject to sanctions in the event of non-compliance with their commitments.
In particular, we would like to inform you that the data collected is hosted by our host, AWS China (Ningxia) Region, operated by Ningxia Western Cloud Data Technology Co. Ltd. (NWCD) .
In this context, we naturally comply with the laws in force on data protection: we therefore subject our collaboration with our host to compliance with the standard contractual clauses, which you acknowledge by accepting the present, and which oblige it to a high level of data security, in order to protect it against fraudulent access by an unauthorized third party and against any unauthorized destruction, alteration or distribution of the said data.
All your rights with respect to your data naturally apply to the data transferred to this subcontractor.
5. Security
We take the need to protect your data very seriously and have implemented technical security measures to prevent your data from being accidentally lost, altered, used or accessed. Access to your data is strictly limited to those who need to consult it and all our service providers mentioned above will ensure confidentiality. However, we cannot guarantee the infallibility of our protection measures; should such a breach occur, we will notify you as soon as possible.
We also encourage you to maintain the confidentiality of the connection settings we have provided to you and to take all necessary measures to protect your own data from being compromised.
6. Your rights
In accordance with the applicable regulations, and in particular the Personal Information Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China, you may at any time contact us at the company's headquarters: IMAIOS (Shanghai) Information Consulting Co., Ltd. , Room 1578, Building 2, 1266 Nanjing West Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200040, China, in order to obtain communication of your data and, if necessary, their rectification, if they prove to be incomplete or inaccurate, or their deletion, subject to our legal obligations to retain them.
You also have the right to limit processing, which allows you in certain cases to ask us to suspend the processing of personal data, and to withdraw the consent on which certain processing is based, which will however be limited to future processing.
Your right to data portability allows you to request a copy of your personal data.
You have the right to ask us to be transparent about any profiling we carry out or any automated decision, and you may file a complaint with a supervisory authority at any time.
7. Conservation
We conserve your data for a limited period of time, depending on the purpose of the treatment. The deletion of your account will thus put an end to it, subject to the respect of the minimum retention period, in order to respect our own accounting obligations. Our retention periods are therefore strictly limited to our own legal requirements.
8. Modifications of our commitments
We will use the personal data collected and personally identifiable information in accordance with the terms of the commitment made at the time of collection. We may, however, make non-substantive changes to the terms of this Privacy Policy at any time by posting revisions on the Website. Please check this page regularly.
9. Update date
This privacy policy has been updated on [ March 21st 2025].
Labeled cross-sectional anatomy of the horse head on CT imaging
- Antoine MICHEAU, MD , Denis HOA, MD
-
- Antoine MICHEAU, MD : 2 Allée Charles Darwin, 34170 Castelnau-le-lez
- Denis HOA, MD : 2 Allée Charles Darwin, 34170 Castelnau-le-lez
- Publication date: Mar 13, 2024 | Last update: Mar 18, 2025
- https://doi.org/10.37019/vet-anatomy/b66a3ff6-c061-4331-9373-b87c86760e16 ISSN 2534-5087
Introduction
Interpreting head radiographs is difficult, primarily because of the many superimpositions of anatomical structures of varying densities (bone, teeth, soft tissue and gas). Even with multiple radiographic views, some interpretations remain complicated. On the other hand, CT scans allow a serial slice analysis thus eliminating superimpositions.In addition, by optimizing contrast, one can highlight either bone or soft tissue.
Equine head CT scans are useful in many clinical situations: dental, sinus and mandibular disorders, neurological disorders, traumas, mass characterizations or tumor extension assessments, surgical planning, etc. Similarly to distal extremities of the limb, CT scans of the equine head can be performed on a standing non anesthetized horse, making it a quick examination that is easier to recommend to owners.
However, a good knowledge of anatomy is essential for interpreting head CT scans: the aim of this module is to provide students, veterinary practitioners and radiologists with detailed information on the normal anatomy of the adult horse's head.
Material and methods
This CT examination of the head was conducted by Dr. Susanne AEB Boroffka, dipl. ECVDI, PhD (Utrecht, Netherlands), on a horse that is healthy, standing, and sedated. It extends from the oral region to the first cervical vertebra.
The anatomical structures have been labeled by Stephan Mahler, DVM, MA, MSc, PhD (Veterinary Anatomist - Montpellier, France), according to the Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (NAV).
They have been grouped into different themes:
- Body parts
- Regions
- Bone
- Cranium (General Anatomy)
- Occipital bone
- Basisphenoid bone
- Presphenoid bone
- Pterygoid bone
- Temporal bone
- Parietal bone
- Frontal bone
- Ethmoid bone
- Vomer
- Nasal bone
- Lacrimal bone
- Maxilla
- Bone of ventral nasal concha
- Incisive bone
- Palatine bone
- Zygomatic bone
- Mandible
- Hyoid apparatus
- Vertebral column
- Sutures of the head
- Joints
- Muscles
- Muscles of the head
- Muscles of the eyeball
- Masticatory muscle
- Muscles of neck
- Digestive system
- Oral cavity
- Teeth
- Teeth - Numbering
- Glands of mouth
- Tongue
- Pharynx
- Oesophagus
- Respiratory system
- External nose
- Nasal cavity
- Paranasal sinuses
- Larynx
- Eye
- Ear
- External ear
- Middle ear
- Internal ear
- Arteries
- Veins
- Lymph nodes
- Central nervous system
There is no content here
- Barone R (2011) Anatomie comparée des mammifères domestiques, Tome 5 Angiologie. Deuxième édition. Vigot, Paris, France.
- Barone R (2017) Anatomie comparée des mammifères domestiques, Tome 1 Ostéologie. Cinquième édition. Vigot, Paris, France.
- Blanke A, Ohlerth S, Hollerrieder J et al. (2016) Computed tomographic features of the osseous external ear canal, tympanic membrane and tympanic bulla in clinically normal horses. J Equine Vet Science;45:17-21.
- Brinkschulte M, Bienert-Zeit A, Lüpke M et al. (2014) The sinonasal communication in the horse: examinations using computerized three-dimensional reformatted renderings of computed-tomography datasets BMC Vet Res Mar 19:10:72.
- Butler JA, Christopher M, Colles CM et al. (2017) Radiology of the horse. Fourth Edition. Wiley Blackwell, Oxford, UK.
- Constantinescu GM, Schaller O (2012) Illustrated veterinary anatomical nomenclature. Third edition. Enke Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany.
- Crijns CP, Baeumlin Y, De Rycke L et al. (2016) Intra-arterial versus intra venous contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the equine head BMC Vet Res Jan 7:12:6.
- D’Août C, Nisolle JF, Navez M et al. (2015) Computed tomography and magnetic resonance anatomy of the normal orbit and eye of the horse. Anat Histol Embryol Oct;44(5):370-7.
- Hartl B, Egerbacher M, Kneissl SM (2021) Correlated Imaging of the Equine Hyoid Apparatus Using CT, Micro-CT, and Histology. Front. Vet. Sci. 8:652563. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.652563.
- International Committee on Veterinary Gross Anatomical Nomenclature (2017) Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria. Sixth Edition. Ghent, Belgium.
- Morrow KL, Park RD, Spurgeon TL et al. (2000) Computed tomographic imaging of the equine head. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound;41:491-497.
- Mülling C, Pfarrer C, Reese S et al. (2014) Atlas der anatomie des Pferdes. Schlütersche, Hannover, Germany.
- Pownder S, Scrivani PV, Bezuidenhout A et al. (2010) Computed tomography of temporal bone fractures and temporal region anatomy in horses. J Vet Intern Med;24:398-406.
- Schmidt MJ, Knemeyer C, Heinsen H (2019) Neuroanatomy of the equine brain as revealed by high-field (3Tesla) magneticresonance-imaging. PLoS ONE 14(4): e0213814.
- Solano M, Brawer RS (2004) CT of the equine head: technical considerations, anatomical guide, and selected diseases. Clin Tech Equine Pract;3:374-388.
There is no content here
